[Milleny Arantess]

yona,
thank you for your amazing summarization I think it’s amazing how such a small part of our body can control so much!

[Milleny Arantess]

Lesly,
You summarize all of the roles and functions of the pituitary gland so well!

[Milleny Arantess]

The pituitary gland is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain just below your hypothalamus. It is a part of the endocrine system. It’s in charge of making several hormones and it tells other endocrine glands to release their hormones.
The pituitary gland is divided into two main sections: the anterior pituitary (front lobe) and the posterior pituitary (back lobe).

The anterior lobe of our pituitary gland makes and releases these hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone- plays a role on how our body responds to stress
Follicle-stimulating hormone- in males it stimulates sperm production and in females it stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and plays a role in egg development
Growth hormone- in children it stimulates growth and in adults it helps maintain healthy muscles, bones, and impacts fat distribution
Luteinizing hormone- stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men
Prolactin- stimulates breast milk production after giving birth and can affect fertility and sexual function in adults
Thyroid-stimulating hormone- stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones that manage your metabolism, energy levels, and nervous system

The posterior lobe stores and releases these hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone- regulates water balance and sodium levels in your body
Oxytocin- is made by the hypothalamus but the pituitary gland stores and releases it. Oxytocin helps labor progress, causes breast milk to flow, influences the bonding between parent and baby, and plays a role in moving sperm

The pituitary gland makes/stores and releases many important hormones that are used by so many different organs and causes so many different things. It’s important so we can live a long, happy, and healthy life.

[Milleny Arantess]

Hi Lesly,
I agree with how medical interpreters should know the difference between these systems and know how they work so we can interpret to the patient/provider exactly what is being/needs to be said.

[Milleny Arantess]

Hi Leonisa!
You did such an amazing job summarizing the differences between male and female reproductive systems. I love the last two sentences you wrote which really concludes the differences between the male and female systems.

[Milleny Arantess]

A male and female’s reproductive system are different in many ways. From most of the organs to the hormones released in puberty we see the difference in men and women.

Organs:
Women have external and internal organs that are a part of the reproductive system. All the external organs are collectively known as the vulva.
External organs include:
Clitoris- A highly sensitive erectile organ located at the top of the vulva
Labia majora- two outer folds of tissue that protects the inner organs of the vulva
Labia minora- the two inner smaller folds of tissue that protect the vestibule
Vestibule- the space in between the labia minoras that contains the urethra and vaginal openings
Bartholin’s glands- glands that secrete mucus to lubricate the vulva and vagina
Hymen- a thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening
Mons Pubis- fatty mound of tissue covered in pubic hair that’s located above the pubic bone.
Internal organs include:
Uterus- pear shaped muscular organ where the fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy
Vagina- a canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body and is the route of childbirth and menstruation
Ovaries- small oval shaped glands that produce and release eggs (ovum) and produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Fallopian tubes- narrow tubes that connects the ovaries to the uterus and are usually the place of fertilization
Cervix- narrowest part of the uterus and connects to the vagina. It dilates during childbirth.

Organs:
Men have external and internal organs that are part of the reproductive system as well.
External organs include:
Penis- organ responsible for both sexual intercourse and urination
Scrotum- sac-like structure that protects and regulates the temperature of the testicles
Internal organs include:
Testes- produces sperm and the hormone testosterone
Epididymis- a long coiled tube where sperm matures and is stored
Vas deferens- muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis to the urethra
Seminal vesicles- two small glands that produce fructose which is a part of semen
Prostate gland- walnut sized gland that produces a fluid that contributes to semen and helps nourish sperm
Bulbourethral glands- two pea-sized glands that produces a fluid that lubricates the urethra
Ejaculatory ducts- formed by the union of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Transports sperm and seminal fluids to the urethra
Urethra- a tube that carries both sperm and urine out of the body

So a man and a woman have many different organs that form their reproductive systems and a few different hormones coursing through their bodies.

[Milleny Arantess]

Cristina, you did so well explaining each different component, especially the axon which is super hard to understand without a visual so good job!

[Milleny Arantess]

Yona, you explained every different component so well! Thank you for the explanations.

[Milleny Arantess]

Nerves or neurons are cells that line the brain and branch out to every part of the body. These cells main function is signaling and signal sending/receiving.

Nerves have three main components: cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.

Cell body(soma)- This is the main part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and every other organelle that this cell needs for it’s metabolism and function.

Dendrites- These are the branching arms/extensions that receive the signals from other neurons and sensory cells

Axon- The long and slendor part of the cell that extends from the cell body. Axons transmit signals to other neurons and sensory cells.

Nerves have four more components: Myelin sheath, synapses, axon terminals, and nodes of raniver.

Myelin sheath- This is a fatty layer that is located on the axon and it insulates the axon and allows faster transmissions of signals

Synapses- The space between neurons where neurons can communicate with each other and other cells. It’s also where neurotransmitters are released.

Axon terminals- The end of the axon where it connects to the synapse and releases neurotransmitters.

Nodes of raniver- these are spaces between the myelin sheaths where the axon is exposed. They help transmission be faster and more efficient.

[Milleny Arantess]

Lesly, your explanation of each chamber of the heart and the difference between arteries and veins is amazing! It is so easy to understand and follow along with. Thank you for sharing.

[Milleny Arantess]

Hi Joeseph
I love how you wrote the differences of the arteries and veins, as well as the four heart chambers, in bullet points; it makes it so much easier to read and understand. The heart is such an amazing organ in the way that it is so organized and how it’s so complex it has 3 different systems working in it so the way you explained it makes it so much easier to understand!

[Milleny Arantess]

Arteries and veins are a part of the same system, the systemic cycle in the heart, but they do different things. Arteries and veins have their own functions that although similar they don’t do the same thing.
Arteries carry oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body. It’s through arteries that oxygen rich blood get carried around the body and all of our organs receive oxygen. Arteries are usually thicker since the blood they carry need more pressure to go around the whole body fast.
Veins carry oxygen poor blood from the body to the heart. It’s through veins that carbon dioxide gets removed from the organs and gets back to the heart. Veins are thinner than arteries since they carry blood that doesn’t need to much pressure to go around the body.

The heart has four chambers: the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricle. These four chambers are important for the organization and separation of blood. The right side of the heart has the right atrium and ventricle, these chambers are where the oxygen poor blood is found. The atrium receives the oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps it to the ventricle and the ventricle pumps the oxygen poor blood to the lungs.
The left side of the heart includes the left atrium and ventricle. This side is where oxygen rich blood is found. The left atrium receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps the blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives the oxygen rich blood and pumps it to the rest of the body.

[Milleny Arantess]

Yona, you brought up such a good point! Our eyes are way more competent than any other senses we have. It’s so interesting to learn about and what’s even more fascinating is the fact that images that we create in our mind can help us remember more than just listening to what is being said.

[Milleny Arantess]

Hi Leonisa,
I agree with all of your points. I think that my favorite method for good mental retention is visualization, it’s so fun and seems to give you so much creative liberty so we have to remember since we’re the ones that came up with the image that relates to the word.

[Milleny Arantess]

There are many interesting techniques for good mental retention that were shown in the video. I want to talk about association, visualization, backward drill technique.
Association is when you use things you already know like words, numbers, symbols, or meanings to connect and make learning something new easier. Basically take what you already know and connect it to something else, for example we all know what cars are so let’s say you use the word cars as an acronym to stand for credibility, accuracy, reasonableness and support, CARS.
Visualization is when you visualize an image that connects to the word you heard. This means that when your interpreting and the patient said that had a fever and then threw up instead of remembering the words fever and vomit visualize a thermometer or someone laying in bed with an ice pack on their head for fever and someone actually vomiting for vomit. Visualizing what is being said will help you remember it.
The backward drill technique is when you interpret what was said last first. Basically if the provider said: Your results came back and you have covid 19, to lower any pain you might have take 500mg of tylenol every 8 hours for 3 days. Interpret it to the patient like this: Take 500mg of tylenol every 8 hours for 3 days so you can lower pain you might have because your results show that you have covid 19. This will help you get rid of all the numbers that might confuse you first.
There are many more techniques like idea mapping and note taking that are also very interesting and effective. I thought all the ideas presented were very cool and definitely will help me when I’m interpreting.

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